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আলোর কোয়ান্টাম তত্ত্ব কে দেন?

Created: 3 years ago | Updated: 3 months ago
Updated: 3 months ago
বঙ্গবন্ধু শেখ মুজিবুর রহমান বিজ্ঞান ও প্রযুক্তি বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় C ইউনিট রসায়ন আলোক সম্পর্কিত প্লাঙ্কের কোয়ান্টাম তত্ত্ব
Description
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Best Ans:

বিজ্ঞানী ম্যাক্স প্ল্যাঙ্ক (Max Planck, 1858-1947) ছিলেন জার্মানির প্রখ্যাত পদার্থবিদ। 1900 খ্রিস্টাব্দে তিনি তেজকণাবাদ (Quantum theory) আবিষ্কার করেন। এই আবিষ্কারের মাধ্যমে পদার্থবিজ্ঞানে বিপ্লব সূচিত হয়।

বিখ্যাত বিজ্ঞানী স্যার আইজ্যাক নিউটন এবং সমকালীন বিজ্ঞানীরা বিশ্বাস করতেন যে আলো কণা প্রকৃতির।

কোয়ান্টাম তত্ত্ব: “আলোকরশ্মি যখন কোন উৎস থেকে অনবরত বের না হয়ে অসংখ্য ক্ষুদ্র ক্ষুদ্র বিচ্ছিন্ন প্যাকেট শক্তি গুচ্ছ আকারে বের হয়।” অর্থাৎ, E=hν; যেখানে E= ফোটনের শক্তি, h= প্ল্যাংক ধ্রুবক, ν = ফোটনের কম্পাংক। প্রত্যেক বর্ণের আলোর জন্য এক একটি বিচ্ছিন্ন প্যাকেটের শক্তির নির্দিষ্ট মান রয়েছে।

1 year ago
AM_Antu

রসায়ন

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কোয়ান্টাম তত্ত্ব আবিষ্কার করেন-
Promotion
MessagesTimelineExceptionsViews33RouteQueries28Models34Livewire0MailsGateSessionRequest
Request history8.2.27PHP Version128msRequest Duration35MBMemory UsageGET admission/single-questionRoute
    • Booting (87.78ms)time
    • Application (39.89ms)time
    • 1 x Booting (68.75%)
      87.78ms
      1 x Application (31.24%)
      39.89ms
      33 templates were rendered
      • questions.mcq.single_questionsingle_question.blade.php#?blade
      • questions.include.show_timeshow_time.blade.php#?blade
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      • common.modal.bookmark_modalbookmark_modal.blade.php#?blade
      • common.modal.tag_add_modaltag_add_modal.blade.php#?blade
      • common.modal.add_description_modaladd_description_modal.blade.php#?blade
      • common.modal.video_modalvideo_modal.blade.php#?blade
      • common.modal.edit_description_modaledit_description_modal.blade.php#?blade
      • common.modal.error_report_modalerror_report_modal.blade.php#?blade
      • job.job_include.job_scriptjob_script.blade.php#?blade
      • common.script.activity_scriptactivity_script.blade.php#?blade
      • common.script.navigator_sharenavigator_share.blade.php#?blade
      • common.script.follow_unfollow_scriptfollow_unfollow_script.blade.php#?blade
      • common.script.short_statistics_scriptshort_statistics_script.blade.php#?blade
      • layouts.single-question-appsingle-question-app.blade.php#?blade
      • includes.single_header_linksingle_header_link.blade.php#?blade
      • common.login_modallogin_modal.blade.php#?blade
      • components.authentication-card-logoauthentication-card-logo.blade.php#?blade
      • layouts.headerheader.blade.php#?blade
      • layouts.toolbartoolbar.blade.php#?blade
      • layouts.footerfooter.blade.php#?blade
      • common.includes.promotion_modalpromotion_modal.blade.php#?blade
      • common.includes.promotion_offcanvaspromotion_offcanvas.blade.php#?blade
      • includes.footer_link2footer_link2.blade.php#?blade
      • includes.restrictrestrict.blade.php#?blade
      • livewire-alert::components.scriptsscripts.blade.php#?blade
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      • common.search.search_scriptsearch_script.blade.php#?blade
      • common.script.promotion_scriptpromotion_script.blade.php#?blade
      • common.script.promotion_functionspromotion_functions.blade.php#?blade
      uri
      GET admission/single-question
      middleware
      web, throttle:global
      controller
      App\Http\Controllers\Academy\QuestionController@singleMcq
      namespace
      prefix
      where
      as
      admission.single-question
      file
      app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:62-98
      28 statements were executed4.89ms
      • QuestionController.php#150debugerror_satt310μsselect `id`, `view_count`, `main_category_id` from `questions` where `questions`.`id` = '95000' and `questions`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1
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        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:150
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        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:145
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        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:190
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        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:187
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      • QuestionController.php#256debugerror_satt240μsselect `id`, `view_count`, `vote`, `subject_id`, `category_id`, `sub_category_id`, `board_exam_id`, `passage_id`, `question_type`, `question`, `is_duplicate`, `status`, `image`, `meta_og_image`, `meta_og_title`, `meta_keyword`, `created_at`, `updated_at`, exists(select * from `review_contents` where `questions`.`id` = `review_contents`.`reviewable_id` and `review_contents`.`reviewable_type` = 'App\\Models\\Question') as `review_content_exists` from `questions` where `id` = '95000' and `questions`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1
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        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:256
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:208
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        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:256
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
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        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:256
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:208
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:82
      • QuestionController.php#256debugerror_satt130μsselect `id`, `name`, `slug`, `meta_og_image` from `sub_categories` where `sub_categories`.`id` in (4443) and `sub_categories`.`deleted_at` is null
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        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:256
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:208
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:82
      • QuestionController.php#256debugerror_satt170μsselect `id`, `name`, `des_updated_by`, `des_added_by`, `link_subject_id`, `slug` from `subjects` where `subjects`.`id` in (76) and `subjects`.`deleted_at` is null
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        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:256
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
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      • QuestionController.php#256debugerror_satt220μsselect `id`, `description`, `subject_id` from `subject_descriptions` where `subject_descriptions`.`subject_id` in (76) and `subject_descriptions`.`deleted_at` is null
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        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:256
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:208
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:82
      • QuestionController.php#256debugerror_satt230μsselect `subjects`.`id`, `subjects`.`name`, `subjects`.`slug`, `subjectables`.`subjectable_id` as `pivot_subjectable_id`, `subjectables`.`subject_id` as `pivot_subject_id`, `subjectables`.`subjectable_type` as `pivot_subjectable_type`, `subjectables`.`created_user_id` as `pivot_created_user_id`, `subjectables`.`deleted_at` as `pivot_deleted_at`, `subjectables`.`status` as `pivot_status`, `subjectables`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `subjectables`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `subjects` inner join `subjectables` on `subjects`.`id` = `subjectables`.`subject_id` where `subjectables`.`subjectable_id` in (95000) and `subjectables`.`subjectable_type` = 'App\\Models\\Question' and `subjects`.`deleted_at` is null
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        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:256
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:208
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:82
      • QuestionController.php#256debugerror_satt170μsselect * from `vote_statistics` where `vote_statistics`.`question_id` in (95000)
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        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:256
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
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      • QuestionController.php#256debugerror_satt410μsselect * from `descriptions` where `descriptions`.`descriptionable_id` in (95000) and `descriptions`.`descriptionable_type` = 'App\\Models\\Question' and `status` in ('approve', 'active') and `descriptions`.`deleted_at` is null order by `vote` desc
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        • 1: approve
        • 2: active
        Backtrace
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:256
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:208
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:82
      • QuestionController.php#256debugerror_satt110μsselect `id`, `name`, `avatar` from `users` where `users`.`id` in (49282) and `users`.`deleted_at` is null
        Backtrace
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:256
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:208
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:82
      • QuestionController.php#256debugerror_satt150μsselect `id`, `bookmarkable_id`, `bookmarkable_type`, `user_id` from `bookmarks` where `bookmarks`.`bookmarkable_id` in (95000) and `bookmarks`.`bookmarkable_type` = 'App\\Models\\Question' and `user_id` is null
        Bindings
        • 0: App\Models\Question
        Backtrace
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:256
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:208
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:82
      • QuestionController.php#256debugerror_satt130μsselect `id`, `votable_id`, `votable_type`, `user_id` from `votes` where `votes`.`votable_id` in (95000) and `votes`.`votable_type` = 'App\\Models\\Question' and `user_id` is null
        Bindings
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        Backtrace
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:256
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:208
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:82
      • QuestionController.php#256debugerror_satt120μsselect `id`, `question_id`, `user_id`, `choosen_option` from `vote_logs` where `vote_logs`.`question_id` in (95000) and `user_id` is null
        Backtrace
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:256
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:208
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:82
      • QuestionController.php#451debugerror_satt200μsselect `id`, `view_count`, `vote`, `subject_id`, `category_id`, `sub_category_id`, `board_exam_id`, `passage_id`, `question_type`, `question`, `is_duplicate`, `status`, `image`, `created_at`, `updated_at` from `questions` where `id` in (95000, 202914, 232961, 110203, 110107) and `id` != 95000 and `questions`.`deleted_at` is null order by `created_at` desc limit 6
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        • 2: 232961
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        Backtrace
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:451
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:411
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
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        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:402
      • QuestionController.php#451debugerror_satt190μsselect * from `question_options` where `question_options`.`question_id` in (110107, 110203, 202914, 232961) and `question_options`.`deleted_at` is null
        Backtrace
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:451
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:411
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
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        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:402
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        Backtrace
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:451
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:411
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
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        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:402
      • QuestionController.php#451debugerror_satt130μsselect `id`, `name`, `slug` from `sub_categories` where `sub_categories`.`id` in (3186, 3194, 4469, 4520) and `sub_categories`.`deleted_at` is null
        Backtrace
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:451
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:411
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
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        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:402
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        Backtrace
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:451
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:411
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
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        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:402
      • QuestionController.php#451debugerror_satt200μsselect `subjects`.`id`, `subjects`.`name`, `subjects`.`slug`, `subjectables`.`subjectable_id` as `pivot_subjectable_id`, `subjectables`.`subject_id` as `pivot_subject_id`, `subjectables`.`subjectable_type` as `pivot_subjectable_type`, `subjectables`.`created_user_id` as `pivot_created_user_id`, `subjectables`.`deleted_at` as `pivot_deleted_at`, `subjectables`.`status` as `pivot_status`, `subjectables`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `subjectables`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `subjects` inner join `subjectables` on `subjects`.`id` = `subjectables`.`subject_id` where `subjectables`.`subjectable_id` in (110107, 110203, 202914, 232961) and `subjectables`.`subjectable_type` = 'App\\Models\\Question' and `subjects`.`deleted_at` is null
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        Backtrace
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:451
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:411
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:402
      • QuestionController.php#451debugerror_satt120μsselect * from `vote_statistics` where `vote_statistics`.`question_id` in (110107, 110203, 202914, 232961)
        Backtrace
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:451
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:411
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:402
      • QuestionController.php#451debugerror_satt90μsselect `id`, `bookmarkable_id`, `bookmarkable_type`, `user_id` from `bookmarks` where `bookmarks`.`bookmarkable_id` in (110107, 110203, 202914, 232961) and `bookmarks`.`bookmarkable_type` = 'App\\Models\\Question' and `user_id` is null
        Bindings
        • 0: App\Models\Question
        Backtrace
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:451
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:411
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:402
      • QuestionController.php#451debugerror_satt70μsselect `id`, `votable_id`, `votable_type`, `user_id` from `votes` where `votes`.`votable_id` in (110107, 110203, 202914, 232961) and `votes`.`votable_type` = 'App\\Models\\Question' and `user_id` is null
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        Backtrace
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:451
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:411
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:402
      • QuestionController.php#451debugerror_satt70μsselect `id`, `question_id`, `user_id`, `choosen_option` from `vote_logs` where `vote_logs`.`question_id` in (110107, 110203, 202914, 232961) and `user_id` is null
        Backtrace
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:451
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:411
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/QuestionController.php:402
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        Backtrace
        • view::questions.mcq.single_question:85
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:75
      • single_question.blade.php#633debugerror_satt120μsselect `id`, `vote_type` from `votes` where (`votable_type` = 'App\\Models\\Description' and `user_id` is null and `votable_id` = 98075) limit 1
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:75
      • restrict.blade.php#30debugerror_satt160μsselect * from `package_plans` where `status` = 'active' and `package_plans`.`deleted_at` is null
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        Backtrace
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      App\Models\Subject
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      App\Models\Question
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      App\Models\QuestionOption
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      App\Models\SubCategory
      5SubCategory.php#?
      App\Models\Category
      4Category.php#?
      App\Models\PackagePlan
      4PackagePlan.php#?
      App\Models\SubjectDescription
      1SubjectDescription.php#?
      App\Models\Description
      1Description.php#?
      App\Models\User
      1User.php#?
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