ভাষার মূল উপাদান ধ্বনি আর এই ধ্বনি নির্দেশক চিহ্নকে বলা হয় বর্ণ।
বাংলা বর্ণমালায় মোট ৫০ টি বর্ণ রয়েছে। তার মধ্যে স্বরবর্ণ ১১ টি ও ব্যঞ্জনবর্ণ ৩৯ টি।
মাত্রার উপর ভিত্তি করে বর্ণ তিন প্রকারঃ
১. মাত্রাহীন বর্ণ ১০ টি (এ,ঐ,ও,ঔ - স্বরবর্ণ ৪ টি) এবং (ঙ,ঞ,ৎ,ং, ঃ, ঁঁ - ব্যঞ্জনবর্ণ ৬ টি)
২. অর্ধমাত্রার বর্ণ ৮ টি (ঋ - স্বরবর্ণ ১ টি) এবং (খ,গ,ণ,থ,ধ,প,শ - ব্যঞ্জনবর্ণ ৭ টি)
৩. পূর্ণমাত্রার বর্ণ ৩২ টি (স্বরবর্ণ ৬ টি + ব্যঞ্জনবর্ণ ২৬ টি)।
যৌগিক স্বরজ্ঞাপক দুটি বর্ণ — ঐ (অ + ই), ঔ (অ + উ)
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