Sentence and Kind of Sentences

- English English Grammar | - | NCTB BOOK
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Sentence 

এক বা একাধিক Word শৃঙ্খলভাবে ব্যবহৃত হয়ে যদি একটি সম্পূর্ণ মনের ভাব প্রকাশ করে, তখন তাকে বাংলায় বাক্য এবং ইংরেজিতে Sentence বলে।

যেমন-

(i) The dog is a faithful animal.

(ii) He goes.

(iii) Run.

এখানে প্রথম বাক্যে একাধিক অর্থাৎ ৬টি word ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে। দ্বিতীয় বাক্যে ২টি word ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে এবং তৃতীয় বাক্যে ১টি word ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে। তৃতীয় বাক্য দ্বারা বুঝা যায় ১টি word দ্বারাও বাক্য সম্ভব। শুধুমাত্র Run শব্দটি (word) দ্বারা কাউকে দৌড়াতে বলা হয়েছে। এভাবে ১টি word দ্বারাও থাকা সম্ভব। যেমন Good, Yes, No, Listen, What, Walk ইত্যাদি।

Kinds of Sentence 

অর্থভেদে Sentence পাঁচ প্রকার। অর্থাৎ প্রকাশভঙ্গির ধরন বা কারো মনোভাব প্রকাশের ওপর ভিত্তি করে Sentence-কে পাচ ভাগে ভাগ করা হয়। 

যথা— 

(i) Assertive Sentence (বিবৃতিমূলক )

(ii) Interrogative Sentence (প্রশ্নবোধক )

(iii) Imperative Sentence (অনুজ্ঞাসুচক)

(iv) Optative Sentence (ইচ্ছা বা আশীর্বাদসূচক বাক্য)

(v) Exclamatory Sentence (বিস্ময়সূচক)

 

গঠনভেদে : গঠনভেদে Sentence-কে আবার তিন ভাগে ভাগ করা হয়। 

যথা :

A. Simple Sentence 

B. Complex Sentence

C. Compound Sentence

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# বহুনির্বাচনী প্রশ্ন

Assertive Sentence

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764

Assertive Sentence

যে Sentence বা বাক্য দ্বারা সাধারণভাবে কোনো বিবৃতি প্রদান করা হয়, তাকে Assertive Sentence বলে। 

যেমন— I know him very well.

The wind is unfavourable.

Assertive Sentence আবার ২ প্রকার। যথা :

(1) Affirmative Sentence (হ্যাঁ বোধক বাক্য)

The Python moves slowly.

(ii) Negative Sentence (না বোধক বাক্য)

The Python does not move quickly. 

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# বহুনির্বাচনী প্রশ্ন

All of us likes a rose.
Nobody likes a rose.
Everyone dislikes a rose.
Everyone likes a rose.

Nobody rejects this.

Does everybody accept this?

Who does not accept this?

Who accepts this?

To err is not human
To err is beyond humanity
No man is free from error
No man is not free from error
It is a very excellent idea
It is an excellent idea
It is more excellent idea
It is a very good idea

Interrogative Sentence

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736

Interrogative Sentence 

যে sentence বা বাক্য দ্বারা কোনো কিছু জানতে চাওয়া হয় অর্থাৎ প্রশ্ন করা হয়, তাকে Interrogative Sentence বলে।

যেমন—

(i) Do you like tea?

(ii) Where are you going now?

(iii) Does he read a book? 

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# বহুনির্বাচনী প্রশ্ন

Did he come home yesterday?
Did he not came home yesterday?
When did he come home?
When does he come home?

is there little milk in the glass

isn't there little milk in the glass?

Is there any milk in the glass?

isn't there any in the glass?

lives Rahim
does Rahim live
Rahim lives
Rahim does live
Who does not love flower?
Who did not love flowers?
Who do not love flowers?
Do all love flower?

Imperative Sentence

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571

Imperative Sentence

যে sentence বা বাক্য দ্বারা আদেশ, উপদেশ, অনুরোধ ইত্যাদি প্রকাশ পায়, তাকে Imperative Sentence বলে।

যেমন—

(1) Take care of your health. 

(ii) Let us go out for a walk.

[Note: Imperative Sentence-এ সচরাচর verb দ্বারা বাক্য শুরু হয় । 

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Optative Sentence

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771

Optative Sentence

যে বাক্য দ্বারা মনের ইচ্ছে বা কামনা, প্রার্থনা এসব বুঝায়, তাকে বলে Optative Sentence। 

যেমন— 

(1) May you live long.

(2) May Allah help you.

(3)May Allah help you. 

(4)May you recover soon.

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# বহুনির্বাচনী প্রশ্ন

day to day
day by day
day with day
day on day
day to day
day by day
day with day
day of day
optaive sentence
exclamatory sentence
assertive sentence
none of the above
optative sentence
exclamatory sentence
assertive sentence
none of the above
May you live long
Alas! I am undone.
Rahim, go home.
I am a teacher.

Exclamatory Sentence

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848

Exclamatory Sentence

যে sentence বা বাক্য দ্বারা মনের আনন্দ, সুখ, দুঃখ, বিস্ময় প্রভৃতি প্রকাশিত হয়, তাকে Exclamatory Sentence বলে।

যেমন—

(1) Hurrah! We have won the match.

(ii) Alas! I am undone.

(iii) How beautiful a bird is! 

(iv) What a sad piece of news it is!

[Note: অবশ্যই স্মরণ রাখতে হবে যে Interrogative Sentence-এর শেষে প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন (?) বসবে এবং Exclamatory Sentence-এর পর (What/How দ্বারা শুরু বাক্যে) বিস্ময়সূচক চিহ্ন (!) বসবে এবং Hurrah, Alas, Oh ইত্যাদি দ্বারা শুরু বাক্যে উক্ত শব্দগুলোর পরেই বিস্ময় চিহ্ন (!) ও বাক্যের শেষে ফুল স্টপ (.) বসবে।

What a delicious meal!

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# বহুনির্বাচনী প্রশ্ন

How time does fly!
How time do fly!
How time flies!
How time fly!
Hurrah! cricket is an exciting game
How exciting game is cricket!
How exciting is cricket when It plays!
What an exciting game cricket is!
How exciting is cricket game!
How an exciting game cricket is!
What an exciting game cricket is!
What an exciting is cricket game!

Simple Sentence

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687

Simple Sentence

একটি মাত্র Subject এবং একটি মাত্র finite verb নিয়ে গঠিত Sentence-কে Simple Sentence বলে।

Everyday we play football.

Killing the bird, the old man brought bad luck to the crew.

The sun having set, we went home.

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# বহুনির্বাচনী প্রশ্ন

Inspite of poor, he is honest.
Despite he is poor, he is honest.
Inspite of having poor, he is honest.
Inspite of his poverty, he is honest.
We should not hate our country.
We should love our country.
We may not hate our country.
Should love our country.
In spite of his poverty, he is honest.
Despite his honesty, he is poor.
Despite his poverty, he is honest.
In spite of having poor, he is honest.
four clauses
two clauses
one clause
three clauses
By doing you will die
Without doing you will die
By doing you won't die
Without doing you won't die

Complex Sentence

960
960

Complex Sentence

একটি Principal clause এবং  এক বা একাধিক sub-ordinate clause নিয়ে গঠিত Sentence-কে  Complex Sentence বলে।

Example: 

He said that he was innocent.

This is the act that a wise man does. 

If you read, you will learn.

[Note: If, although, though, before, after, as, because, since, that, so that, unless, whether, when, where প্রভৃতি দ্বারা complex sentence  যুক্ত হয়। 

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# বহুনির্বাচনী প্রশ্ন

I know what you are.
I know who you are.
I know what are you.
I know who are you.
I know where they reside.
I know where did they reside.
I know where are they residing.
I know where are they residing.
We should read books for gaining knowledge.
We should read books and gain knowledge
We should read books so that we can gain knowledge
We want to gain knowledge and so we should read books.
He is unfortunately failed
It is unfortunate that he failed
It is unfortunate to fail.
He unfortunately failed
Let them do this or they will die
If he helps us , we shall win
move or you will die
work hard or you can't prosper in life

Compound Sentence

933
933

Compound Sentence

একাধিক Independent principal clause, co- ordinating conjunction (and, but, or, nor, also, however, moreover, thus, so, therefore, else, as well as, yet, whereas, not only but also, otherwise) দ্বারা যুক্ত হলে, তাকে Compound Sentence বলে।

Example

You are a student, so you have to study well.

Do or die.

The thief saw the police and ran away.

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# বহুনির্বাচনী প্রশ্ন

Work hard and you can not succeed.
Work hard or you can not succeed.
Work hard and you can succeed.
You work hard and you can succeed.
We work hard to earn a lot of money.
We work hard so that we earn money.
We work hard so that we can earn money.
We work hard and we want to earn money.
Without working hard and you will not succeed
Work hard or you will not succeed
Work hard and you will not succeed
You work hard and will succeed
compound sentence
complex sentence
simlple sentence
interrogative sentence

Negative Sentence

481
481
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Content
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      • QueryBuilder.php#305satt_satt_mobile_app910μsselect `id`, `question_id`, `option_1`, `option_2`, `option_3`, `option_4`, `option_5`, `image_option`, `image_question`, `answer` from `question_options` where `question_options`.`question_id` in (23942, 24327, 55979, 68284, 71015, 71937, 77581, 77756, 77758, 78061, 78155, 79901, 80973, 80976, 81046, 81370, 81466, 82996, 83332, 83405, 83667, 237464, 237862, 237975, 237980, 237981, 237985, 238077, 238080, 238839, 239635, 239655, 239659, 239887, 239888, 239890, 239965, 239968, 240150, 240204, 240243, 240265, 241000, 247286, 248689) and `question_options`.`deleted_at` is null
        Backtrace
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:305
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:321
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:285
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
      • QueryBuilder.php#305satt_satt_mobile_app120μsselect `id`, `name`, `slug` from `subjects` where `subjects`.`id` in (2) and `subjects`.`deleted_at` is null
        Backtrace
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:305
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:321
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:285
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
      • QueryBuilder.php#305satt_satt_mobile_app700μsselect `subjects`.`id`, `subjects`.`name`, `subjects`.`slug`, `subjectables`.`subjectable_id` as `pivot_subjectable_id`, `subjectables`.`subject_id` as `pivot_subject_id`, `subjectables`.`subjectable_type` as `pivot_subjectable_type`, `subjectables`.`created_user_id` as `pivot_created_user_id`, `subjectables`.`deleted_at` as `pivot_deleted_at`, `subjectables`.`status` as `pivot_status`, `subjectables`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `subjectables`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `subjects` inner join `subjectables` on `subjects`.`id` = `subjectables`.`subject_id` where `subjectables`.`subjectable_id` in (23942, 24327, 55979, 68284, 71015, 71937, 77581, 77756, 77758, 78061, 78155, 79901, 80973, 80976, 81046, 81370, 81466, 82996, 83332, 83405, 83667, 237464, 237862, 237975, 237980, 237981, 237985, 238077, 238080, 238839, 239635, 239655, 239659, 239887, 239888, 239890, 239965, 239968, 240150, 240204, 240243, 240265, 241000, 247286, 248689) and `subjectables`.`subjectable_type` = 'App\\Models\\Question' and `subjects`.`deleted_at` is null
        Bindings
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        Backtrace
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:305
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:321
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:285
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
      • QueryBuilder.php#305satt_satt_mobile_app190μsselect `id`, `title`, `passage` from `passages` where `passages`.`id` in (0) and `passages`.`deleted_at` is null
        Backtrace
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:305
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:321
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:285
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
      • SubjectRepository.php#122satt_satt_mobile_app180μsselect * from `subjects` where `subjects`.`id` = 697 and `subjects`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1
        Bindings
        • 0: 697
        Backtrace
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:122
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:121
        • app/Services/SubjectService.php:60
      • SubjectRepository.php#125satt_satt_mobile_app1.58msselect `id`, `name`, `slug`, `parent_id`, `_lft`, `_rgt` from `subjects` where (3081 between `subjects`.`_lft` and `subjects`.`_rgt` and `subjects`.`id` <> 697) and `subjects`.`deleted_at` is null order by `_lft` asc
        Bindings
        • 0: 3081
        • 1: 697
        Backtrace
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:125
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:121
        • app/Services/SubjectService.php:60
      • SubjectRepository.php#137satt_satt_mobile_app160μsselect * from `subjects` where `subjects`.`id` = 697 and `subjects`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1
        Bindings
        • 0: 697
        Backtrace
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:137
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:136
        • app/Services/SubjectService.php:61
      • SubjectRepository.php#140satt_satt_mobile_app130μsselect `id`, `name`, `parent_id`, `_lft`, `_rgt`, `slug`, `meta_og_title`, `meta_keyword`, `meta_description` from `subjects` where `subjects`.`id` = 523 and `subjects`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1
        Bindings
        • 0: 523
        Backtrace
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:140
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:136
        • app/Services/SubjectService.php:61
      • SubjectRepository.php#140satt_satt_mobile_app110μsselect `id`, `description`, `subject_id` from `subject_descriptions` where `subject_descriptions`.`subject_id` in (523) and `subject_descriptions`.`deleted_at` is null
        Backtrace
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:140
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:136
        • app/Services/SubjectService.php:61
      • QueryBuilder.php#38satt_satt_mobile_app110μsselect `_lft`, `_rgt` from `subjects` where `id` = 2 limit 1
        Bindings
        • 0: 2
        Backtrace
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:38
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:60
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:235
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:227
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:305
      • QueryBuilder.php#305satt_satt_mobile_app890μsselect `id`, `name`, `parent_id`, `_lft`, `_rgt`, `name`, `slug`, `icon`, `banner` from `subjects` where (`subjects`.`_lft` between 2151 and 3318) and `subjects`.`deleted_at` is null
        Bindings
        • 0: 2151
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        Backtrace
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:305
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:321
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:293
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
      • SubjectRepository.php#325satt_satt_mobile_app250μsselect * from `mediables` where `mediable_type` = 'App\\Models\\Subject' and `mediable_id` in (697, 9679, 9680, 9681, 9682, 9683, 9684, 9685, 9686, 22813)
        Bindings
        • 0: App\Models\Subject
        • 1: 697
        • 2: 9679
        • 3: 9680
        • 4: 9681
        • 5: 9682
        • 6: 9683
        • 7: 9684
        • 8: 9685
        • 9: 9686
        • 10: 22813
        Backtrace
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:325
        • app/Services/SubjectService.php:76
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/SubjectController.php:105
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:44
      • SubjectRepository.php#340satt_satt_mobile_app230μsselect `videos`.`video_src_url`, `mediables`.`mediable_id` as `chapter_id` from `videos` inner join `mediables` on `mediables`.`mediable_id` = `videos`.`id` where `videos`.`id` = 0 and `videos`.`video_src` = 'youtube' and `videos`.`deleted_at` is null
        Bindings
        • 0: 0
        • 1: youtube
        Backtrace
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:340
        • app/Services/SubjectService.php:77
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/SubjectController.php:105
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:44
      • SubjectService.php#82satt_satt_mobile_app210μsselect `id`, `name`, `main_category_id`, `slug` from `subjects` where `id` <> 697 and `parent_id` = 523 and `main_category_id` = 1 and `subjects`.`deleted_at` is null limit 5
        Bindings
        • 0: 697
        • 1: 523
        • 2: 1
        Backtrace
        • app/Services/SubjectService.php:82
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/SubjectController.php:105
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:44
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:266
      • restrict.blade.php#30satt_satt_mobile_app300μsselect * from `package_plans` where `status` = 'active' and `package_plans`.`deleted_at` is null
        Bindings
        • 0: active
        Backtrace
        • view::includes.restrict:30
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:75
      App\Models\Subject
      611Subject.php#?
      App\Models\Question
      45Question.php#?
      App\Models\QuestionOption
      45QuestionOption.php#?
      App\Models\SubjectDescription
      11SubjectDescription.php#?
      App\Models\Complete
      3Complete.php#?
      App\Models\PackagePlan
      3PackagePlan.php#?
      App\Models\User
      2User.php#?
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